本目包含5个科、35个属、118个种、129个亚种
PelecaniformesThe Pelecaniformes is a (possibly invalid) order of medium-sized and large waterbirds found worldwide. As traditionally—but erroneously—defined, they encompass all birds that have feet with all four toes webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such names as totipalmates or steganopodes. Most have a bare throat patch (gular patch), and the nostrils have evolved into dysfunctional slits, forcing them to breathe through their mouths. They feed on fish, squid or similar marine life. Nesting is colonial, but individual birds are monogamous. The young are altricial, hatching from the egg helpless and naked in most. They lack a brood patch.
In the all-encompassing "steganopode" circumscription, the Pelecaniformes had some 50–60 living species. However, modern opinion considers the apparent similarities the result of convergent evolution, and based on a wealth of evidence splits the classically defined "Pelecaniformes" into several groups. Most lineages—frigatebirds, gannets, cormorants and anhingas—constitute indeed a natural group, for which the names Suliformes or Phalacrocoraciformes have been proposed. Tropicbirds are of unclear relationships, but appear to be a quite distinct lineage; they are typically placed in their own order, the Phaethontiformes. The pelicans (Pelecanidae), meanwhile, are linked to the storks (Ciconiidae) by two bizarre monotypic families, the Hamerkop (Scopidae) and the Shoebill (Balaenicipitidae). Indeed, they may be more closely related to storks than these are to herons. To overcome this confusion, it has been proposed to merge the "core" Pelecaniformes into the Ciconiiformes.
The Pelecaniformes were traditionally—but erroneously—defined as birds that have feet with all four toes webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such names as totipalmates or steganopodes. The group included frigatebirds, gannets, cormorants, anhingas and tropicbirds.
Sibley and Ahlquist's landmark DNA-DNA hybridisation studies (see Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy) led to them placing the families traditionally contained within the Pelecaniformes together with the grebes, cormorants, ibises and spoonbills, New World vultures, storks, penguins, albatrosses, petrels, and loons together as a sub-group within a greatly expanded order Ciconiiformes, a radical move which by now has been all but rejected: their "Ciconiiformes" merely assembled all early advanced land- and seabirds for which their research technique delivered insufficient phylogenetic resolution.
Morphological study has suggested pelicans are sister to a gannet-cormorant clade, yet genetic analysis groups them with the hamerkop and shoebill, though the exact relationship between the three is unclear. Mounting evidence pointed to the Shoebill as a close relative of pelicans. Reviewing genetic evidence to date, Cracraft and colleagues surmised that pelicans were sister to the shoebill with the hamerkop as the next earlier offshoot. Ericson and colleagues sampled five nuclear genes in a 2006 study spanning the breadth of bird lineages, and came up with Pelicans, Shoebill and Hamerkop in a clade. Hackett and colleagues sampled 32 kilobases of nuclear DNA and recovered shoebill and hamerkop as sister taxa, pelicans sister to them, and herons and ibises as sister groups to each other with this heron and ibis group a sister to the pelican/shoebill/hamerkop clade.
The current International Ornithological Committee classification has pelicans grouped with the Shoebill (Balaenicipitidae), Hamerkop (Scopidae), ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae) and herons, egrets and bitterns (Ardeidae).
Recent research strongly suggests that the similarities between the Pelecaniformes as traditionally defined are the result of convergent evolution rather than common descent, and that the group is paraphyletic. All families in the traditional or revised Pelecaniformes except the Phalacrocoracidae have only a few handfuls of species at most, but many were more numerous in the early Neogene. Fossil genera and species are discussed in the respective family or genus accounts; one little-known prehistoric pelecaniforms, however, cannot be classified accurately enough to assign them to a family. This is "Sula" ronzoni from Early Oligocene rocks at Ronzon (France), which was initially believed to be a sea-duck and possibly is an ancestral pelecaniform.
The "pelecaniform" lineages appear to have originated around the end of the Cretaceous. Monophyletic or not, they appear to belong to a close-knit group of "higher waterbirds" which also includes groups such as penguins and Procellariiformes. It is interesting to note that there are quite a lot of fossil bones from around the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary which cannot be firmly placed with any of these orders and rather combine traits of several of them. This is of course only to be expected, if the theory that most if not all of these "higher waterbird" lineages originated around that time is correct. Of those apparently basal taxa, the following show some similarities to the traditional Pelecaniformes:
The proposed Elopterygidae—supposedly a family of Cretaceous Pelecaniformes—are neither monophyletic nor does Elopteryx appear to be a modern bird.
The following families are now consider to be part of this group due to recent DNA study. They were all once consider to be closely related to storks.
These birds are long legged, slender birds that hunt (or scavenge) their prey near rivers and lakes.
The following families have now been transferred to the order Suliformes, previously termed suborder Sulae (Sulides in older sources):
The tropicbirds (Phaethontidae) and their prehistoric relatives Prophaethontidae were traditionally placed in the Pelecaniformes, but molecular and morphological studies indicate they are not that close relatives. They have been placed in their own order Phaethontiformes. They are medium-sized birds, adapted to a marine lifestyle similar to frigatebirds. They are also noted for their aerobatic capabilities, appearing somewhat like large, slow, white hummingbirds in courtship flight. Adults have two long central tail feathers, no gular patch and normal nostrils. Hatchlings are covered in down. They have been included in the "Metaves" a proposed clade that is likely not monophyletic however; most evidence points towards a fairly close relationship with Procellariiformes and/or Charadriiformes.
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